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Faham dhaqanka Baseband Unit-ka leh 5G
Sida leheeya 5G uu sameyno doortida Baseband Unit
Socodka kuuganka 5G wuxuu ka caawin doonaa in oo7daahuluhu u baahan yihiin qalabka baseband (BBUs) oo awood u leh inay xusuusan karaan teknoolojiyada radio access kala duwan, iyadoo ah 3G, 4G, iyo hadda 5G, oo dhan platform kuma. Taasoo la soo raacay warbixinada sanadaha 2025 ee ka tidhaahda in 5G loo siiyo geesood kala duwan, helida awoodda multi-mode waxay ka dhigaysaa lakoobinta qalabka iyo si fudud ugu yarayo in lagu dhalmo shunkeed marka loo eego muddo dheer minnisa kor saaran. Laakiin BBU-hoyinkii maanta waxay ku qabsatamaan tabarta weyn. Waxay iman karaan inay xusuusan karaan kanalad ay ka wadaa jeeggeynta hore, mararka qaarkoodna socotaa ilaa 400 MHz bandwidth. Sidoo kale, waxay iman karaan inay shaqeeysaan alaabta MIMO weyn oo kale ah oo kale ah, taasoo kale ah 64 ilaa 256 antennas. Dhammaantood waxay noqon karaan inay u baahan tahay takhsaas awood xoog leh, ka dibna wixii loo baahan yahay marka la sheegayo teknoolojiyada 4G.
Qodobbaha muhiimka ah ee Baseband Unit (BBU) oo kaxaysa 5G
Qodobbaha muhiimka ah waxay ku jiraan:
- Prosessorada multi-core si loo xelado iyo lacag buuxiyo sigooya real-time
- xidho eCPRI taasisa xogta fronthaul si ay ugu dhasho 25Gbps
- Qaybta software-ka cloud-native saxiixinta qaybinta shabakada iyo saxngidinta waqti-dhac (latency)
Kubaddan waxay ku jiraan inay fuliyaan hadda 1ms ee 5G iyo taasisin farsamo kalsoonida ah oo kalsoonid la'aan (URLLC). Kubadda BBUs caansanba waxay ku daraysaa tarkaasaha AI, ka dhimana khaaskada isjirka si ay ugu dhasho 52% magacyada korontinka weyn.
Qaybinta Wajibaadka ku Taal Kubbada Baseband iyo Qaybaha Kala Duwanaanshaha Shabakada
Habka 3GPP-ka ku qaybinayo xubnaha ardaynta magaalooyinka kala duwan (waxay u yeeddaan Oghnaashada 2 ilaa 8) si jingaad ah wuxuu qaybiyaa meesha ugu badan ee shaqada lagu sameeyo, iyadoo loo eegaayo kuwa dhexdeeda iyo kuwa taariikhda. Tusaale ahaan, Qaybinta 7. Arrintan khususi wax ugu dhow ka mid ka saaran habdhiska fiziga ayaa loogu dhisin doonaa kuwa radio taariikhda, kan aadna sababi kartaa in la gooyo bandaarka fronthaul ka dib 60 boqolkiim. Laakiin halkan sidoo kale waxaa jira qalad. Hadda nidaamkuna u baahan yahay isku-dhufasho waqtiga aad u fiican, mid ka mid ah + ama - 130 nanowakhti. Waxaana muhiim ah sidaas daraaddeed marka lagu daabacdo shunkeedka 5G ee millimeter wave magaalooyinka weyn ee buuxda abbaar iyo caafimaad.
Xisaabin Afaanaha Daabacida: D-RAN, C-RAN, iyo Open RAN
Distributed vs. Centralized RAN: Wajibaadka Ku Saabsan Daabacida Baseband Unit
Dib u eegis D-RAN (Distributed RAN) C-RAN (Centralized RAN) wuxuu ballaariyaa sida BBU-oyinka (Baseband Units) sheegaya shaaciyada iskuulka sigo. Sidaas darteed markii lagu isticmaalayo dhaqanaha D-RAN, goobta gudburka kasta waxa la leeyahay lugta BBU kasta, taas oo macnaysa in shakhsi awoodga si degdeg ah loo dharfino iyo korontada nolosha. Laakiin haddii aan ka badalanno arajinta C-RAN, waxaan heli doonaa mid ka bedel ama jecel. Marka BBU-yinkani la kaga saaro goobaha meel gaar ah, baabbiro gaarka ah ayaa samirankii goobta ku dhacda hooseeya 40% sano kore, sida loo tijaabiyey Dell'Oro. Sidoo kale, arajintan wuxuu kuu dhaqaaq ilaalinta kaydka si awood u leh goobaha radio ee network-kastaa. Waa maxay tanu macnaysa talabooyinka hardware? BBU-hoyga maamulka awood u leh ayaa inay dhammaan tahay inay dhowdanaan sidhitaanka fronthaul oo weyn yar 2 milliseconds, iyagoo la shaqeeya qaybaha edge computing si ay ugu raaceen shaqada 5G ee maalin-dharka.
Open RAN iyo Interoperability: Jidhka Fikradaha Baseband oo Xoolan
Qorsheka Open RAN ayaa samadaalaya in lacagta kala duwan loo isticmaalo sababtoo ah astaamo caadiga ah sida aynu arkaynaa kuwo O-RAN's Open Fronthaul. Iyadoo la raacayo xusuusta cusub ka soo shaqeeyey sayniska horumarinta, shakhsiinna marinka tixgeliyeyaasha dabinka dhisidda baseband units (BBUs) waxay heli kartaa habab cusub 30% si gaaban intii badan ka dib marka loo eego kuwa isticmaala siyaasadda dhiman. Si ay noqon karaan badbaadooyinka, BBUs waa inay muqaal tahay isticmaalka 3GPP standards splits oo leh doorashada 7-2x ama 8. Isticmaaleha horena waxay muujisaa doonayaasha - ka mid ah sadexaad kasta qof, waxay doortaa inay isku darayso O-DU iyo O-CU functions ilaa hal saamanka jidhinka badanaa mid walba.
Sinin Jilibka, Isdhaafka, iyo Hagaajinta Adeegga
Tusaale Wanaagsan ee Control Plane Baseband Unit Architecture
Qalabka amariga ee ku jira BBU wuxuu leeyahay kaalinta muhiim ah in la ilaaliyo sida buuxda loo isticmaalo 5G siyaasadda kala duwan ee aynu arkayaa qofkooda IoT iyo nidaamka maareynta gurmad. Markii shunkeeddu waydiiyana marka lagu darto muddooyinka badnaanta, waxaa loo baahan yahay in qalabkan uulaayo dhammaan hayaanka siyaasadda si fiican, sidoo kale mid walba loo bixiyo tilmaamta loo baahan yahay. Hadda, nidaamka badan oo hore waxaa ku jira xaqiiqsanaanta xaqiiqsi gaarka ah oo la soo saaray hababka tariikhda si loo hubiyo in dhammaan shaqada tahay sida loo yaqaan. Marka la eegayo maccluulka astaamaha, nidaamka amariga la'aanta ay ku xadgudbaysaa hayawga pakikadaha 37% ka ka hooseeya nidaamka hore ee la'aanta. Taliyaddan waa muhiim ah siin sida loo yaqaan marka xadgudubka yar ah ay sababi kartaa arrimo weyn ama doonorro.
Nidaamka Xuska iyo Nidaamka Sare ee Maareynta BBU
Koorsaska maqalka ee maalinta soo socda waxay ku rely yihiin nidaamka aawdeed oo ku sartaan awoodaha sababta korrika dhaqdhaqaaqa inta la xariirto. Qaadista noocan waa muhiim ah si loo dhammaystiro shaqada khibridka 5G network slicing. Nidaamkii orchestration oo ku jira koorsaskaas mar dambe ayaa isticmaalaya xikmad badeecsan in lagu arko markii shunkeedku yahay inuu daaqdo, kadibna in uu wareejmo deynta hore maalinba anna la kulmo. Iyadoo la raacayo tacliino cusub, noocaan taliyaanshaha caadiga ah waxay ka saartaa in qof walba u baahan yahay in uu isbeddelo halbilow. Sidoo kale, nidaamkani sameeya update-ka firmware iyo isbeddellada kale ee configuration adag marka loo eego jaraadaha hore. Waxay ilaalin kartaa in ay mid tahay lacagta ugu danbeysa ee 3GPP ilaa aan ka dhacdo dhibaatada aad u weyn ee seeraha la ogolaayo macaamiisha maalin moor.
Hubi Scalability iyo Futureproofing ku tiirsan Koorsaska Maqalka
Bogga 5G cusub, wajib inay awoodda sida fudud marka loo bilaabo, laakiin sidoo kale inay dalabka leedahood si degdeg ah. Qaranka waxaa lagu dhalisay dhaqanaha in laga dhiso iyo in laga sameeyo qaybood oo badbaadnaya sababtoo ah waxay shaqeyn doonaan kala duwan jenereshonada tekinoolojiga. Tijaabo taasalinta 2024 ayaa muujiyey wax aan ugu yeeriyey - nidaamkii la dhisay qaybood oo beddeli karaan ay ku xisaabtaan khalafinta gaarka ah 30% ka dib u dhacday inta loo eexayo iyagoo la tashay qaybood la'aanta. Badankuna waaxdhadda xoogga sare ee dakhliga waxaa isku daynaya kan. Waxaan sadiyaan carruurka BBU moduler ah oo leh abbaaraha in uu beddalo mid walba. Fikirka waxyaalaha sida galinta fankishinka shakhsi ah (VNFs) ama beddelka prossesorka hore iyagoo aan guriga buuxsan oo mar dambe.
Ku tiirsada 4G-ka ila 5G, shaqada BBU ayaa ku hortagaya in la kala jaro khaladaha khidmadda adoo la iskugu yeelay inay soo dirnaan tahay. Arjikiiteekcharka RAN (vRAN) tusaale ahaan, waxay ogolaada in lacagta software-ka loo cusbooneesiyo 5G New Radio (NR) adoo la iskugu yeelay LTE-ga hore, si loo kala duwado “forklift upgrades” oo uu yahay sabab u ah 42% ee dhibaatada daabacida 2023.
In kusabaabida siyaasadda soo socda waxaa ku saaran in lagu dhisid doorka hoos u socda oo software-ka loo cusbooneysiiyo marka la isku darayo isbedelka caadiga ah, halkaas oo aan lahayn jiritaanka joojinta. Iyada kale, wajaha sidaas ay ka dhigantahay inay leedahay toosin xoog, midka iyo barakoobka data kala duwan, iyo nidaamka dib u noqnoqda iyada kalaa. Tusaale ahaan, shirkadda telekommuunikeeshinka weyn ee bariga, ay suurtiyeen inay ilaaliyaan shabakada 99,999% si kama maalin oo ay 5G-ka sii daayan marwaliba. Waxay isticmaalaysaa platformikaha banaanka cloud ee awoodsane oo ku xubnaya dhammaan cusbooneysiintii la sameeyo meelaha kala duwan markaas. Waa mid la macaan, sababtoo ah shabakadaha dambeeyaasha ah waxay noqotey inay tahay midho badan.
Sinin Teknoolojiga Processor iyo Xisaabta Qiimaha
Ogowgoynta Processor ee BBUs: GPP, DSP, iyo SoC Wajigiisa
Awoodda BBU waa la hadlayn jiray go’aanka processor-ka, iyadoo aad u isticmaalaysaa lix qaybaha aqalka ah ee loo isticmaalo 5G:
| Nooc aad ugu yaraan | Qoobkood | Xiran | Xisaabta Hagaagga |
|---|---|---|---|
| GPP | Xul yariska Software | Wakhtiga Dheer | 35–45 W |
| DSP | Sareyn siyaasadda xoojinta | Dhisidda wixii la dejiyey | 18–28 W |
| SOC | Tayyari dhexdeeda leh ee qalabka | Xaqiiqda loo cusbooneysiiyaa | 22–32 W |
Isticmaalka caafimaadka (GPPs) ay karaan ka badan socodka software-ka, laakiin waxay doortaan 38% siyaasadda badan kama ay doortaan istifaaqaashada xoojinta (DSPs) marka la isticmaalayo shaandhaarka beamforming (Rapportka Baaritaanka Mobile ee 2024). Suladka System-on-chip (SoC) ay bixisaa midhal ah, iyagoo bixisa 12 TeraOPS/mm² siyaasadda massive MIMO iyo ku xadgudbin khaangaha jidhka 60% ka badan kama ay tahay suladka isku filan.
Xeerka iyo Barashada Xeerka ku xusan Xoojinta Baseband
BBU-yada la kordhiyey AI ay ku xadgudbiyaan isticmaalka awooddada, ku xadgudbiyaan waqtiga codka 53% marka taajiyadda muhiimka ah. Mudulka barashada xeerka ay u predict gartaan taajiyadda 89% saxnaanta, iyagoo kala heli karaan isticmaalka koronto ku yaal BBU pool-ka virtualized
Kulmiya Kulligood: Isku-dhufashada Awoodda, Cusboonaysiinta, iyo Bajit-ka
Prosessoryada Premium waxay ku jiraan bixinta bilowgii ugu weyn, mararka qaarkood ay ka badan tahay 50 ilaa 70 boqolkiiba iyo shan khamiis boqolkiiba ka badan heshiiskan caadi ah. Laakiin sababta aad u muhiim in lagu eegayo waa natiijada xajmiga leh ee nidaamkooda, kaas oo khasabaha in khasabo sahlanka dollar 8 iyo cent 20 kila watt kusar kasta kusarka weyn. Dibuxa modulerka ee nidaamka baseband (BBU) waa la beddelay si weynna. Nidaamkan waxa uu dhaartaa 8 ilaa 10 sannad maxaa yeelay waxa uu oggola in la cusbooneysiiyo bogga FPGA iyo diyaaradda software defined radio. Taasoo ku tiirsan tacliinta Deloitte 2023, shaqaalaha telecomms waxay arkay in furitaanka lacagta ay ka socotaa 22 boqolkiiba si degdeg ah markay dhisid fursado xaqiiqsanaanta hardware-ka iyo raafidaha 3GPP tan iyo tan, kadibna isku dayi kartaa in ay soo noqdaan siday tahay.
Qeybta Faq
Waa maxay isticmaalka nidaamka baseband (BBU) ku jira network-ka 5G?
Wajaha dhigan (BBU) ee shabakadaha 5G wuxuu xubno qaar badan oo helitaanka radio siinayaa, ku jira 3G, 4G, iyo 5G platform tokon la istaaganyo. Wuxuu maareyneyne kanaalka bandviddhka weyn iyo taageyso saaran MIMO, iyadoo u baahan qudrad aad u weyn oo xisaabinta.
Sidaasaa dhaawashada C-RAN ayaa soo saara BBU?
Dhaawashada Centralized RAN (C-RAN) wuxuu kaga guulaysanaya wajahyada dhigga, ka buuxsaday qiimaha maareyni iyo nolosha. Waxaana samaynayaa hordhac aqil ah oo ku talagalaya BBU-oyinka inay maareyneyne isku darka fronthaul aad u sare iyo xisaabinta edge si loo helo farsamada 5G.
Wata sii hantidha ee loo isticmaalo Open RAN baseband units?
Open RAN baseband units waxay ogolaada inna toosinayaasha kala duwan isku daydo inay isticmaasho doorsoomaha caadiga ah, ka saaraysa helitaanka jajabka kaliya dib u eegista raacsiga. BBU-yen waa inay raacdaan qaybaha caadiga 3GPP si loo helo isku hallkhaanshaha.
Sidaasoo aad ugu doorto processor-ka ayaa soo saara BBU performance?
Awoodka BBU waa la jebidmaa xulashada processor-ka, iyadoo leh doorashooyin sida processor-ka caadiga ah (GPPs), processor-ka islaam-celcelinta (DSPs), iyo farseellada system-on-chip (SoC) ay offer kartaan awood, kaalmo, iyo xajminta ammaanka mid walba.
